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Indonesian Democratic Consolidation and the Challenges of Digitalized Electoral Democracy (71872)

Friday, 30 June 2023 12:05
Session: Session 1
Room: Lecture Room 1
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

Indonesia stands out globally as a Muslim country that has established multiparty democracy. Indonesia’s markers as Islamic, democratic, and industrializing are happening in a rapidly transforming digital space that provides myriad of opportunities and challenges to democracy globally. Notably, the digital age poses issues of authenticity and labelling. There are issues of storing and managing voting data and ensuring trust as actual threats and cynical accusations of data manipulation, technical errors, and cyberattacks increase. Even more, the internet, especially social media, has been characterized by ideological and political activism that often dovetail with extremism. As Indonesia seeks to consolidate democracy, how can it adapt to digitalized democracy? What can Indonesia learn from consolidated democracies struggling to make digitalized democracy work? Can digitalization impede democratic consolidation in Indonesia? The paper takes a critical comparative approach as it draws lessons from the USA and gauges the progress toward democratic consolidation in Indonesia.

Authors:
Abu Bah, Northern Illinois University, United States

The Reasons for the Resilience of Prayut Chanorcha’s Regime (71869)

Saturday, 1 July 2023 12:15
Session: Session 2
Room: Lecture Room 2
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

The objective of this article is to find the reasons for the resilience of Prime Minister Prayut Chanorcha’s regime, which has lasted since 2014, despite numerous criticisms against his government’s inefficiency and corruption. Those reasons are: 1) Prayut gains firm support from the network of powerful cliques like the military, the judiciary and the public sectors. 2) Prayut legitimizes his regime with the new constitution, rigged election and the parliamentary system, in collaboration with the political parties and the appointed senators. 3) Prayut cunningly uses the draconian laws and the enforcers to suppress his political opponents. 4) Prayut draws support from the conservative by creating an image of the protector of Thailand’s security and main institutions especially the Monarchy. 5) Prayut’s team and his supporters use social media to boost his image and attack his political opponents, especially the opposition parties.

Authors:
Atthasit Muangin, Phayao University, Thailand

Inclusive Shame for Peaceful Coexistence: Historical Reconciliation with Reciprocal Non-domination in Northeast Asia (71866)

Thursday, 29 June 2023 12:25
Session: Session 1
Room: Room B (Live Stream)
Presentation Type:Live-Stream Presentation

Investigating the sentiment of apology fatigue in Japan, a number of scholars have argued that any type of collective shame, driven by the demand for official apology over Japan’s wartime atrocities, needs not be a prerequisite for historical reconciliation in Northeast Asia. Apparently, we are facing a paradox of shame. Shaming is a powerful weapon for rectifying historical injustices, while it falls prey to nationalist backlash. Nevertheless, the politics of anti-shame that tends to neutralize wartime atrocities with national interest cannot be ethically justified. By rendering Hannah Arendt’s view of shame with respect to the Holocaust in Northeast Asian context, this paper suggests an alternative type of “inclusive shame,” through which the victim and the victimizer are placed in the status of reciprocal non-domination to reconsider human vulnerability rather than power asymmetric, that can provide an entry into peaceful coexistence through historical reconciliation that would not otherwise exist.

Authors:
Jun-Hyeok Kwak, Sun Yat-sen University, China

A Study on Interaction Between Land ASEAN States and China After the Cold War – Centered on the GMS Mechanism (71865)

Thursday, 29 June 2023 12:00
Session: Session 1
Room: Room A (Live Stream)
Presentation Type:Live-Stream Presentation

The Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation (GMS) is a key focus for integrating the regional economy of Southeast Asia and an important clue for studying regional integration in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to explain the causal mechanism behind the development of the GMS, that is, why GMS has been able to withstand the systemic stimuli of different eras and continue to play a role, expand the scope of cooperation, and promote regional integration in Southeast Asia while effectively addressing the development gaps and conflicts of interest among its member countries. This paper traces the development process of the GMS mechanism in different periods and backgrounds, and finds that the degree of economic interdependence, political mutual trust, and the development of ASEAN norms among member countries within the GMS have an impact on their internal cognition and decision-making, thus injecting impetus into the development of the GMS mechanism.

Authors:
Yuhong Li, Nanjing University, China
Xiaoya Ni, Nanjing University, China
Shulin Tan, Nanjing University, China

Decline of Democracy – Do Indonesia and the Philippines follow the Global Trends and Patterns? (71858)

Friday, June 30, 2023 16:05
Session: Session 3
Room: Lecture Room 1
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

There is an academic consensus that the number of democracies worldwide has decreased in the last decade, while at the same time the number of countries in the “grey zone” between the two contrasting regime types (democracy/authoritarianism) has increased. In this paper, I would like to argue that Southeast Asia is no exception to the before-mentioned phenomenon. Particularly, two of the traditionally most democratic countries in the region, Indonesia and the Philippines, have witnessed a significant decline of political rights and civil liberties in recent years. Based on data and methodology from the upcoming Bertelsmann-Transformation Index 2024 (https://bti-project.org/en/), the author will highlight several features of democratic decline in both countries and analyze similarities and differences. In addition, the author will compare the political developments in both countries with global trends and patterns of regime transformation.

Authors:
Patrick Ziegenhain, President University, Indonesia

Unveiling the Local-Turn in Peacebuilding: Exploring the Roles and Contributions of Bangsamoro Civil Society Organization in Mindanao Peacebuilding for the Common Good (71854)

Friday, 30 June 2023 15:15
Session: Session 3
Room: Lecture Room 2
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

This research addressed the role of Bangsamoro civil society organizations (BMCSOs) and the conditions that allow their participation in Philippine peacebuilding efforts. Using an institutional approach, the researcher collected qualitative data from BMCSO members and other peace actors. Findings reveal that local CSOs contribute to effective and long-term peacebuilding with their knowledge of the conflict context. BMCSOs effectively perform advocacy, socialization, and social cohesion, particularly in steering stakeholders' reactions toward constructive participation, raising awareness of the causes and costs of conflict, and facilitating dialogue. Institutionalizing venues for CSO participation and funding availability promotes robust engagement of BMCSOs in the Bangsamoro region. However, the study also identified challenges such as external co-optation, reliance on external support, and influence of local political agenda. The results emphasized the importance of empowering and assisting BMCSOs, particularly youth CSOs, in overcoming these obstacles and establishing a more inclusive and long-term peace in the region. Collaboration with the state, developing self-reliance, and strategic leadership and management skills were critical strategies for BMCSOs.

Authors:
Yasmin Tagorda, Mindanao State University-Marawi, Philippines
Francisco Magno, De La Salle University-Manila, Philippines

Words that Kill: Examining the Effects of Red Tagging and Violent Speeches on Human Rights and Democracy (71853)

Friday, 30 June 2023 15:40
Session: Session 3
Room: Lecture Room 2
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

“Jokes” which often allude to violent acts was staple in the speeches of former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte during his presidential campaign and throughout his administration.

This eventually progressed to red-tagging or accusing individuals or groups as terrorists or rebel sympathizers. In 2020, the Commission on Human Rights voiced its concern over the increasing number of red-tagging reports even in the face of the pandemic and government-mandated lockdown.

The former president also gave a “shoot-to-kill” order for quarantine violators and threatened those who protest his pandemic response. Coincidentally, in the same year, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights released a report on the human rights situation in the Philippines, citing red tagging, among others, as a cause of concern.

This article aims to demonstrate how the former president's "jokes" are not as harmless as claimed and are equivalent to inciting crimes against humanity by comparing precedents in cases decided by various international criminal tribunals with his actions.

Authors:
Josiah David Quising, Far Eastern University - Institute of Law, Philippines

Re-thinking Values, Character and Citizenship Education for Civil Society and the Common Good (71851)

Friday, 30 June 2023 16:30
Session: Session 3
Room: Lecture Room 2
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

When Singapore weathered the challenges of the pandemic two foundational characteristics stood out, utilization of science and activation of social responsibility. Whilst technological and digital advances are re-shaping societies there is a need to understand that values and character feature critically in societal adaptation. This presentation will share on the setting of the Singapore Centre of Character and Citizenship Education and why we need to renew our diligence to nurture virtues for the next generation as individuals, fellow human beings and members of society locally and globally. The presentation will share on how the centre hope to strengthen character, well-being and citizenship education through research and wisdom to inform policy, practice and pedagogy pertaining to character and citizenship development. The session will also discuss how we engage stakeholders and equip educators and key players. We conclude with how good citizenship leads to global citizenship and building a better world.

Authors:
Oon Seng Tan, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Political Culture, Electoral Rules, and Patronage Politics in Korea (71848)

Friday, 30 June 2023 11:40
Session: Session 1
Room: Lecture Room 2
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

The purpose of this paper is to trace the causes of patronage politics in Korea. While the study of clientelism or patronage perspective in modern political science focuses on the relationship between political parties (or politicians) and voters, Korea's patronage politics can be characterized by a dyadic resource exchange relationship between political elite and surrounding politicians. While Korean political culture originated from the Confucianism plays as a factor in naturally accepting inequality between patron and client, on the other hand, it has been a influential factor strengthening the so-called political regionalism. Along with these cultural factors, the two major parties that have strong foothold in a specific region maintain patronage politics through electoral rules that facilitate securing regional support. In sum, it is revealed that Korean patronage politics has been maintained by the geographically divided political structure and political culture derived from Confucianism and has bee reinforced by electoral rules.

Authors:
Chang Soo Choe, Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea

Human Security in Korea and Asia (71845)

Saturday, 1 July 2023 10:15
Session: Session 1
Room: Lecture Room 1
Presentation Type:Oral Presentation

This research aims to contribute to the sustainable development, sound security and economic devel-opment of Asia by analyzing the actual situation of human security challenges in Republic of Korea (ROK) and Asia and establishing a cooperative mechanism between countries in the region. Epidemics, disasters, terrorism, organized crime and drug problems, including Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), are international issues that cannot be solved by the efforts of a specific country alone, and are a threat to domestic human security.In particular, it analyzes the current situation of human securi-ty issues in the region and introduces ROK's role in promoting and protecting human security in Asia.

Authors:
Honje Cho, Korea National Defense University, South Korea